lover of pharmacy

What after B.Pharm.

2011-09-03T04:48:00.000-07:00

Several higher study options are available for meritorious pharmacy graduates. Those who have qualified in GATE (Graduate Aptitude Test in Engineering) or the IIM-CAT (Common Admission Test of the Indian Institutes of Management) can go for M.Pharm. or MBA programmes.

Those with top scores in CAT can join postgraduate programmes in management conducted by leading business schools such as the IIMs.

The two-year M.Pharm. course provides several specialisation options: pharmaceutics; pharmaceutical chemistry; pharmacology; pharamacognosy; industrial pharmacy; pharmacy practice; pharma marketing and management; pharmaceutical analysis; quality assurance; clinical pharmacy; pharmaceutical biotechnology; bulk drugs; and so on.

NIPER courses

The National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), SAS Nagar, Mohali - 160 062, Punjab ( www.niper.nic.in ), offers excellent higher study facilities for meritorious pharmacy graduates. Specialised subjects available here for M.S. (Pharm.) programmes are medical chemistry, natural products, pharmaceutical analysis, pharmacology and toxicology, pharmaceutics, biotechnology and pharmacoinformatics.

NIPER’s other programmes include M.Pharm. in pharmaceutical technology (formulations) and pharmacy practice; M.Tech. (Pharm) in pharmaceutical technology (bulk drugs); and MBA (Pharm) in pharmaceutical management.

Pharmacy graduates with 60 per cent marks are eligible to apply for these programmes. Scheduled Caste (SC) and Scheduled Tribe (ST) students require only 55 per cent marks and physically challenged students 50 per cent marks. Applicants should qualify in GATE/NET. Admission is based on a national-level entrance test, group discussion and personal interview. NIPER offers doctoral programmes for meritorious master’s degree holders. For details, visit the website.

In Kerala, the College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Government Medical College, Thiruvananthapuram, provides study facilities for M.Pharm. in pharmaceutical analysis; pharmacognosy and phytochemistry; pharmaceutics; pharmacology; pharmacy practice; and pharmaceutical chemistry. There are 26 seats. Those who have passed B.Pharm. with 50 per cent marks in all four years of the course taken together are eligible for admission. Selection is through the M.Pharm. entrance examinations conducted by the Commissioner for Entrance Examinations. The annual tuition fee is Rs. 16,000. For details, visit www.cee-kerala.org

The Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheruvandoor, under the School of Medical Education, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kottayam, offers a self-financing M.Pharm. course. The number of seats is five. Entry qualification is B.Pharm. with not less than 60 per cent marks during all four years of the course. SC/ST students will get relaxation in marks.

A merit list will be prepared on the basis of B.Pharm. marks and valid GATE scores with equal weightage. Graduates without the score will be considered if GATE-qualified applicants are not there. Details can be had from the Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mahatma Gandhi University, Cheruvandoor, Ettumannoor- 686 631, Kottayam.

The College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal, Karnataka - 576 119, under Manipal University, offers M.Pharm. in pharmaceutics; pharmaceutical chemistry; pharmacognosy; pharmacology; pharmaceutical marketing; pharmacy administration; pharmacy practice; pharmaceutical quality assurance; and pharmaceutical biotechnology. Entry qualification is B.Pharm. with 55 per cent aggregate marks.

The Goa College of Pharmacy, Panaji, conducts M.Pharm. in quality assurance and pharmacology. Those who possess B.Pharm. with 55 per cent marks and GATE scores are eligible for admission.

Some other colleges offering M.Pharm. courses are:

• Al-Ameen College of Pharmacy, Bangalore - 560 027

• Sri Rama Krishna Institute of Paramedical Sciences, Coimbatore - 641 044.

• University Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology, Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar - 608 002.

• Sri Rama Chandra Medical College and Research Institute (Deemed University), Porur, Chennai - 600 116.

• Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra, Ranchi - 835 215.

• Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagpur University, Nagpur – 440 010.

MBA

MBA Pharma is an industry-specific course designed to groom pharmaceutical management professionals. Since pharmaceuticals is one of the high growth industries, it requires trained professional pharmaceutical management manpower. The demand for such professionals is on the rise.

MBA Pharma is one of the best higher study options for pharmacy graduates. NIPER is a prominent centre providing full-fledged facilities for higher education in pharmaceuticals, including management research. NIPER conducts a two-year MBA course in pharmaceutical management.

The number of seats is 29 and the entry qualification is B.Pharm., B.Tech. or B.E. in chemical engineering; or M.Sc. in chemical or life sciences with 60 percent marks.

SC/ST students require only 55 percent marks and physically challenged 50 per cent. Admission will be based on the combined performance of the student in the written test, group discussion and interview (www.niper.nic.in).Meritorious pharmacy graduates can consider the MBA pharmaceutical management course conducted by the School of Business Management under NMIM University, Mumbai - 400 056. The School of Pharmacy and Technology Management under this university conducts an M.Pharm. course in pharmaceutics, pharmaceutical chemistry and pharmacology. B.Pharm. degree holders with 60 per cent marks and valid GATE scores can apply ( www.nmims.edu).

MBA biotechnology is a suitable higher study option for pharmacy graduates. The Department of Management Sciences of the University of Pune offers this programme. Selection is based on ATMA test score, group discussion and personal interview. For details, visit www.dms.unipune.ernet.in

M.Tech.

Other higher study options are the M.Tech. level programmes in biotechnology and bioinformatics. Choose your options according to your aptitude and interest.

Job prospects

India is fast becoming a leading player in the global pharmaceutical sector. So plenty of opportunities will be in the offing and good students will be able to find jobs in the country and abroad. M.Pharm. and Ph.D. holders are in great demand in various areas of pharmaceutical research and development. Quality control and quality assurance are important to the drug and pharmaceutical industry where highly qualified pharmacy professionals are required.

Those with M.Pharm. degrees and Ph.D.s in pharmaceutical analysis or quality assurance are preferred for these jobs.

Pharma marketing offers excellent opportunities for smart pharmacy graduates and MBA (Pharma) degree holders. M.Tech. degree holders will also do well.

Pharmacy graduates can work as medical sales representatives. Hospitals, medicals shops and pharma companies provide job opportunities for qualified candidates. Those with M.Pharm. degrees and Ph.D.s can opt for a teaching career. Jobs such as those of drug inspectors and drug controller are also there.

Drug and pharmaceutical companies employ graduates and postgraduates and doctorate holders in pharmacy as management trainees.

The Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow; National Chemical Laboratory, Pune; Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad; and so on provide job opportunities to those having research degrees.

reference :-hindu.com

Objectives of Pharm D Program India :

2011-04-05T06:00:00.000-07:00

Objectives of Pharm D Program India :

To Provide patient care in cooperation with patients, prescribers, and other members of an interprofessional health care team based upon sound therapeutic principles and evidence-based data, taking into account relevant legal, ethical, social cultural, economic, and professional issues, emerging technologies, and evolving biomedical, pharmaceutical, social or behavioral or administrative, and clinical sciences that may impact therapeutic outcomes.
To manage and use resources of the health care system, in cooperation with patients, prescribers, other health care providers, and administrative and supportive personnel, to promote health; to provide, assess, and coordinate safe, accurate, and time-sensitive medication distribution; and to improve therapeutic outcomes of medication use.
To promote health improvement, wellness, and disease prevention in co-operation with patients, communities, at-risk population, and other members of an interprofessional team of health care providers.
To demonstrate skills in monitoring of the National Health Programmes and schemes, oriented to provide preventive and promotive health care services to the community.
To develop leadership qualities to function effectively as a member of the health care team organised to deliver the health and family welfare services in existing socio-economic, political and cultural environment.
To communicate effectively with patients and the community.

Career Oppurtunities in Pharma.D

The role of a pharmacist has changed drastically over the years with the constant expansion of health care programmes and the increasing need for quality pharmaceutical care. The growth of this sectors has thrown up diverse career options that include Community Pharmacy, Geriatric Pharmacy, Home Health Care, Hospital Pharmacy, Governmental agencies, Managed care, Pharmacoeconomics, Pharmacy education apart from Pharmaceutical industry.

The following are some of the numerous and diverse career options available to Pharm.D. graduates:

Community Pharmacy
Geriatric Pharmacy
Governmental Agencies
Home Health Care
Hospital Pharmacy
Managed Care
Pharmaceutical Industry
Pharmacoeconomics
Pharmacy Education
Specialized Area Opportunities

About Animal Handling ... info for your research..........

2011-02-16T00:13:00.000-08:00

There are several different methods of animal handling. It is important to note that improper handling causes distress and/or pain. Minimal animal handling should be the research objective. Different animals require specific methods of handling.

Physical Restraint
Physical restraint is the use of manual or mechanical means to limit some or all of an animal’s movements for the purpose of examination, collection of samples, drug administration, therapy and experimental manipulation. Animals are restrained for brief periods, usually minutes, in most research applications. Restraint devices should be suitable in size, design, and operation to minimize discomfort and injury to the animal. Restraint devices are never permanent animal housing.

Short Term Restraint
Short term restraint of laboratory animals involve animal confinement in a standard restraining device, appropriate for the species, for brief periods. Purposes include drawing blood, giving injections and examining the animal.

Prolonged Restraint
If prolonged physical restraint is required, animals should be conditioned over a period of gradually increasing time. Certain experiments, such as NIBP measurements, require animal conditioning to reduce the level of stress thereby obtaining optimal readings.

Note:
For the comfort and safety of the animal, certain kinds of restraint equipment, such as jackets or harnesses, should be periodically monitored for proper fit. Animals in chairs and slings require closer monitoring than those restrained by tethering jackets or harnesses. Kent Scientific offers a wide variety of animal restraint devices.

Pattern of Question Paper gpat 2011 :_

2010-12-28T08:34:00.001-08:00

The GPAT-2011 question paper will consist of one hundred fifty (150 Nos.) multiple choice objective questions only. Candidates have to mark the correct choice by darkening the appropriate bubble against each question on an Optical Response Sheet (ORS). Each right answer will carry one mark while for each wrong answer 1/3 (one third) marks will be deducted.
Each question will have four choices for the answer. Out of these, only one choice is correct. Each choice contains a single, stand-alone statement / phrase / data / structure.
The type of questions asked in this examination would be to evaluate a candidate’s aptitude and subject knowledge of Pharmacy field which may involve basic principles, facts, formulae/laws, understanding of the fundamental ideas, and application or drawing observations of the fundamentals of pharmacy discipline. Some examples of the multiple choice objective questions are given below:

Q.1	At physiological pH the following compound would be MOSTLY in the:

	(A) cationic form	(B) unionized form
	(C) zwitterionic form	(D) anionic form

Q.2	The effects observed following systemic administration of levodopa in the treatment of Parkinsonism have been attributed to its catabolism to dopamine. Carbidopa, can markedly increase the proportion of levodopa that crosses the blood-brain barrier by:
	(A) increasing penetration of levodopa through BBB by complexation with it
	(B) decreasing peripheral metabolism of levodopa
	(C) decreasing metabolism of levodopa in the CNS
	(D) decreasing clearance of levodopa from the CNS

Q.3	Drugs in suspensions and semi-solid formulations always degrade by
	(A) first order kinetics	(B) second order kinetics
	(C) zero order kinetics	(D) non-linear kinetics

Q.4	Tropane alkaloids are NOT present in
	(A) Datura stramonium	(B) Erythroxylum coca
	(C) Duboisia myoporoides	(D) Lobelia inflata
Q.5	In nucleophilic aliphatic substitution reactions the ability of the following leaving groups:(P) Fluoride (Q) Iodide (R) Chloride (S) Bromide follows the order:
	(A) P > Q > R > S	(B) R > S > Q > P
	(C) Q > S > R > P	(D) P > R > S > Q
Q.6	In sequence rules, the priority of the following atoms attached to chiral carbon is to be decided for designating its absolute configuration: (P) Oxygen (Q) Carbon (R) Nitrogen (S) Hydrogen Priority of the atoms is to be decided on the basis of their:
	(A) electronegativity	(B) atomic mass
	(C) atomic number	(D) atomic size
Q.7	In the four major constituents of vitamin B complex, thiamine, riboflavin, pyridoxal and cynocobalamine: (p) riboflavin contains ribose sugar (q) thiamine contains pyridine ring (r) pyridoxal contains pyrimidine ring (s) cynacobalamine contains porphyrin ring The given statement is correct:
	(A) r is true, s is false, p is true, q is false (B) r is true, s is true, p is true, q is true (C) r is false, s is true, p is false, q is false (D) r is true, s is false, p is false, q is true
Q.8	Determine the correctness or otherwise of the following Assertion [a] and the Reason [r]. Assertion: For a fully developed laminar flow in a circular pipe, the average velocity is one half of the maximum velocity. Reason: The velocity for a fully developed laminar flow in a circular pipe varies linearly in the radial direction.
	(A) Both [a] and [r] are true and [r] is the correct reason for [a] (B) Both [a] and [r] are true but [r] is NOT the correct reason for [a] (C) Both [a] and [r] are false (D) [a] is true but [r] is false

NEGATIVE MARKING : There is a one-third (1/3) negative marking for each wrong answer.

Syllabus for GPAT-2011

2010-12-28T08:31:00.000-08:00

PHARMACEUTICS

Introduction to Physical pharmacy; Matter, Properties of Matter:: State of matter, change in the state of matter, latent heats and vapor pressure, sublimation-critical point, Eutectic mixtures, gases, aerosols-inhalers, relative humidity, liquid. complexes, liquid crystals, glassy state, solids- crystalline, amorphous and polymorphism.
Micromeretics and Powder Rheology:: Particle size and distribution, average particle size, number and weight distribution, particle number, methods for determining particle volume, methods of determining particle size- optical microscopy, sieving, sedimentation; measurements of particle shape, specific surface area; methods for determining surface area; permeability, adsorption, derived properties of powders, porosity, packing arrangement, densities, bulkiness & flow properties.
Surface and Interfacial Phenomenon:: Liquid interface, surface and interfacial tensions, surface free energy, measurement of surface and interfacial tensions, spreading coefficient, adsorption at liquid interfaces, surface active agents, HLB classification, solubilization, detergency, adsorption at solid interfaces, solid-gas and solid-liquid interfaces, complex films, electrical properties of interface.
Viscosity and Rheology:: Newtonian systems, Law of flow, kinematic viscosity, effect of temperature; non-Newtonian systems: pseudoplastic, dilatant, plastic; thixotropy, thixotropy in formulation, negative thixotropy, determination of viscosity, capillary, falling ball, rotational viscometers.
Dispersion Systems:: Colloidal dispersions: Definition, types, properties of colloids, protective colloids, applications of colloids in pharmacy; Suspensions and Emulsions: Interfacial properties of suspended particles, settling in suspensions, theory of sedimentation, effect of Brownian motion, sedimentation of flocculated particles, sedimentation parameters, wetting of particles, controlled flocculation, flocculation in structured vehicles, rheological considerations; Emulsions-types, theories, physical stability.
Complexation:: Classification of complexes, methods of preparation and analysis, applications.
Kinetics and Drug Stability:: General considerations & concepts, half-life determination, Influence of temperature, light, solvent, catalytic species and other factors, Accelerated stability study, expiration dating.

Importance of microbiology in pharmacy; Structure of bacterial cell; Classification of microbes and their taxonomy:: Actinomycetes, bacteria, rickettsiae, spirochetes and viruses;
Identification of Microbes:: Stains and types of staining techniques, electron microscopy; Nutrition, cultivation, isolation of bacteria, actinomycetes, fungi, viruses, etc; Microbial genetics and variation;
Control of microbes by physical and chemical methods:: Disinfection, factors influencing disinfectants, dynamics of disinfection, disinfectants and antiseptics and their evaluation;
Sterilization:: different methods, validation of sterilization methods & equipments; Sterility testing of all pharmaceutical products. Microbial assays of antibiotics, vitamins & amino acids.

Immunology and Immunological Preparations:: Principles, antigens and heptans, immune system, cellular/humoral immunity, immunological tolerance, antigen-antibody reactions and their applications. Hypersensitivity, active and passive immunization. Vaccines and sera: their preparation, standardization and storage.
Genetic Recombination:: Transformation, conjugation, transduction, protoplast fusion and gene cloning and their applications. Development of hybridoma for monoclonal antibodies. Study of drugs produced by biotechnology such as Activase, Humulin, Humatrope, HB etc;
Antibiotics:: Historical development of antibiotics. Antimicrobial spectrum and methods used for their standardization. Screening of soil for organisms producing antibiotics, fermenter, its design, control of different parameters. Isolation of mutants, factors influencing rate of mutation. Design of fermentation process. Isolation of fermentation products with special reference to penicillins, streptomycins tetracyclines and vitamin B12.

Introduction to pharmaceutical jurisprudence & ethics :: Pharmaceutical Legislations - A brief review; Drugs & Pharmaceutical Industry - A brief review; Pharmaceutical Education - A brief review;
An elaborate study of the followings:: Pharmaceutical Ethics; Pharmacy Act 1948; Drugs and Cosmetics Act 1940 and Rules 1945; Medicinal & Toilet Preparations (Excise Duties) Act 1955; Narcotic Drugs & Psychotropic Substances Act 1985 & Rules; Drugs Price Control Order;
A brief study of the following Acts with special reference to the main provisions and the latest amendments:: Poisons Act 1919; Drugs and Magic Remedies (Objectionable Advertisements) Act 1954; Medical Termination of Pregnancy Act 1970 & Rules 1975; Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Act 1960; States Shops & Establishments Act & Rules; Insecticides Act 1968; AICTE Act 1987; Factories Act 1948; Minimum Wages Act 1948; Patents Act 1970. A brief study of the various Prescription/Non-prescription Products. Medical/Surgical accessories, diagnostic aids, appliances available in the market.

Introduction to dispensing and community pharmacy; Prescription:: Handling of prescription, source of errors in prescription, care required in dispensing procedures including labeling of dispensed products. General dispensing procedures including labeling of dispensed products; Pharmaceutical calculations: Posology, calculation of doses for infants, adults and elderly patients; Enlarging and reducing recipes percentage solutions, alligation, alcohol dilution, proof spirit, isotonic solutions, displacement value etc;
Principles involved and procedures adopted in dispensing of :: Typical prescriptions like mixtures, solutions, emulsions, creams, ointments, powders, capsules, pastes, jellies, suppositories, ophthalmic, pastilles, lozenges, pills, lotions, liniments, inhalations, paints sprays tablet triturates, etc;
Incompatibilities:: Physical and chemical incompatibilities, inorganic incompatibilities including incompatibilities of metals and their salts, non-metals, acids, alkalis, organic incompatibilities. Purine bases, alkaloids, pyrazolone derivatives, amino acids, quaternary ammonium compounds, carbohydrates, glycosides, anesthetics, dyes, surface active agents, correction of incompatibilities. Therapeutic incompatibilities;
Community Pharmacy:: Organization and structure of retail and whole sale drug store-types of drug store and design, legal requirements for establishment, maintenance and drug store-dispensing of proprietary products, maintenance of records of retail and wholesale, patient counseling, role of pharmacist in community health care and education (First aid, communicable diseases, nutrition, family planning).

Organization and Structure of hospital pharmacy:: Organization of a hospital and hospital pharmacy, Responsibilities of a hospital pharmacist, Pharmacy and therapeutic committee, Budget preparation and Implementation.
Hospital Formulary:: Contents, preparation and revision of hospital formulary.
Drug Store Management and Inventory Control:: Organization of drug store, Types of materials stocked, storage conditions; Purchase and Inventory Control principles, purchase procedures, Purchase order, Procurement and stocking;; Out-patient dispensing, methods adopted; Dispensing of drugs to in-patients. Types of drug distribution systems. Charging policy, labeling; Dispensing of drugs to ambulatory patients; Dispensing of controlled drugs, Dispensing of ancillary supplies;; Types of materials for sterilization, Packing of materials prior to sterilization, sterilization equipments, Supply of sterile materials.
Manufacture of Sterile and Non-sterile Products:: Policy making of manufacturable items, demand and costing, personnel requirements, manufacturing practice, Master formula Card, production control, Manufacturing records.
Drug Information Services:: Sources' of Information on drugs, disease, treatment schedules, procurement of information, Computerized services (e.g., MEDLINE), Retrieval of information, Medication error- types of medication errors, correction and reporting.
Records and Reports:: Prescription filling, drug profile, patient medication profile, cases on drug interaction and adverse reactions, idiosyncratic cases. Pharmacoeconomics: Introduction to pharmacoeconomics, different methods of pharmacoeconomics, application of pharmacoeconomics. Pharmacoepidemiology: Definition and scope, method to conduct pharmacoepidemiological studies, advantages & disadvantages of pharmacoepidemiological studies.
Nuclear Pharmacy:: Methods of handling radioisotopes, radioisotope committee.

Importance of unit operations in manufacturing; Stoichiometry:: Unit processes material and energy balances, molecular units, mole fraction, tie substance, gas laws, mole volume, primary and secondary quantities, equilibrium state, rate process, steady and unsteady states, dimensionless equations, dimensionless formulae, dimensionless groups, different types of graphic representation, mathematical problems.
Fluid Flow:: Types of flow, Reynold's number, Viscosity, Concept of boundary layer, basic equations of fluid flow, valves, flow meters, manometers and measurement of flow and pressure.
Heat transfer:: Concept of heat flow, applications of Fourier’s law, forced and natural convection, surface coefficients, boiling liquids, condensing vapors, heat exchangers, heat interchangers, radiation, black body, Stefan Boltzmann equation, Kirchoff’s law.
Evaporation:: Basic concept of phase equilibria, factor affecting evaporation, evaporators, film evaporators, single effect and multiple effect evaporators, Mathematical problems on evaporation.
Distillation:: Roult's law, phase diagrams, volatility; simple steam and flash distillations, principles of rectification, Mc-Cabe Thiele method for calculations of number of theoretical plates, Azeotropic and extractive distillation.
Drying:: Moisture content and mechanism of drying, rate of drying and time of drying calculations; classification and types of dryers, dryers used in pharmaceutical industries and special drying methods.
Size Reduction:: Definition, objectives of size reduction, mechanisms of size reduction, factors affecting size reduction, laws governing energy and power requirements of a mills including ball mill, hammer mill, fluid energy mill. Size separation: Different techniques of size separation, sieves, sieve shakers, sedimentation tank, cyclone separators, bag fillers etc.
Mixing:: Theory of mixing, solid-solid, solid-liquid and liquid-liquid mixing equipments.
Filtration and Centrifugation:: Theory of filtration, continuous and batch filters, filter aids, filter media, industrial filters including filter press, rotary filter, edge filter, etc. Factors affecting filtration, filtration, optimum cleaning cycle in batch filters. Principles of centrifugation, industrial centrifugal filters, and centrifugal sedimenters;
Crystallization:: Characteristics of crystals like-purity, size, shape, geometry, habit, forms size and factors affecting them, Solubility curves and calculation of yields. Material and heat balances around Swenson Walker Crystallizer. Supersaturation, theory and its limitations, Nucleation mechanisms, crystal growth. Study of various types of Crystallizers, tanks, agitated batch, Swenson Walker, Single vacuum, circulating magma and Krystal Crystallizer, Caking of crystals and its prevention. Numerical problems on yields;
Dehumidification and Humidity Control:: Basic concepts and definition, wet bulb and adiabatic saturation temperatures, Hygrometric chart and measurement of humidity, application of humidity measurement in pharmacy, equipments for dehumidificat4ion operations;
Refrigeration and Air Conditioning:: Principle and applications of refrigeration and air conditioning;
Material of Construction :: General study of composition, corrosion, resistance, Properties and applications of the materials of construction with special reference to stainless steel and glass.
Material Handling Systems:: Liquid handling - Different types of pumps, Gas handling-Various types of fans, blowers and compressors, Solid handling-Bins, Bunkers, Conveyers, Air transport.
Corrosion:: Classification, mechanism of corrosion, factors affecting, prevention and control.
Plant location:: Layout, utilities and services.
Industrial Hazards and Safety Precautions:: Mechanical, Chemical, Electrical, fire and dust hazards. Industrial dermatitis, Accident records etc.
Automated Process Control Systems:: Process variables, temperature, pressure, flow, level and vacuum and their measurements; elements of automatic process control and introduction to automatic process control systems; elements of computer aided manufacturing (CAM). Reactors and fundamentals of reactors design for chemical reactions.

Liquid Dosages Forms:: Introduction, types of additives used in formulations, vehicles, stabilizers, preservatives, suspending agents, emulsifying agents, solubilizers, colors, flavors and others, manufacturing packaging, labeling, evaluation of clear liquids, suspensions and emulsions official in pharmacopoeia;
Semisolid Dosage Forms:: Definitions, types, mechanisms of drug penetration, factors influencing penetration, semisolid bases and their selection. General formulation of semisolids, clear gels manufacturing procedure, evaluation and packaging;
Suppositories:: Ideal requirements, bases, displacement value, manufacturing procedure, packaging and evaluation;
Extraction and Galenical Products:: Principle and method of extraction, preparation of infusion, tinctures, dry and soft liquid extracts;
Blood Products and Plasma Substitutes:: Collection, processing and storage of whole human blood, concentrated human RBCs, dried human plasma, human fibrinogen, human thrombin, human normal immunoglobulin, human fibrin, foam plasma substitutes, -ideal requirements, PVP, dextran etc. for control of blood pressure as per I.P.;
Pharmaceutical Aerosols:: Definition, propellants, general formulation, manufacturing' and packaging methods, pharmaceutical applications;
Ophthalmic Preparations:: Requirements, formulation, methods of preparation, labeling, containers, evaluation;
Cosmeticology and Cosmetic Preparations:: Fundamentals of cosmetic science, structure and functions of skin and hair. Formulation, preparation and packaging of cosmetics for skin, hair, dentifrice and manicure preparations like nail polish, nail polish remover, Lipsticks, eye lashes, baby care products etc.
Capsules:: Advantages and disadvantages of capsule dosage form, material for production of hard gelatin capsules, size of capsules, formulation, method of capsule filling, soft gelatin, capsule shell and capsule content, importance of base absorption and minimum/gm factors in soft capsules, quality control, stability testing and storage of capsule dosage forms.
Micro-encapsulation:: Types of microcapsules, importance of microencapsulation in pharmacy, microencapsulation by phase separation, coacervation, multi-orifice, spray drying, spray congealing, polymerization complex emulsion, air suspension technique, coating pan and other techniques, evaluation of micro capsules.
Tablets:: Advantages and disadvantages of tablets, Application of different types of tablets, Formulation of different types of tablets, granulation, technology on large-scale by various techniques, different types of tablet compression machinery and the equipments employed, evaluation of tablets. Coating of Tablets: Types of coating, film forming materials, formulation of coating solution, equipments for coating, coating process, evaluation of coated tablets. Stability kinetics and quality assurance.
Parenteral Products:: Pre-formulation factors, routes of administration, water for injection, and sterile water for injection, pyrogenicity, non aqueous vehicles, isotonicity and methods of its adjustment, Formulation details, Containers and closures and selection, labeling; Pre-filling treatment, washing of containers and closures, preparation of solution and suspensions, filling and closing of ampoules, vials, infusion fluids, lyophilization & preparation of sterile powders, equipment for large scale manufacture and evaluation of parenteral products; Aseptic Techniques-source of contamination and methods of prevention, Design of aseptic area, Laminar flow bench services and maintenance. Sterility testing of pharmaceuticals.
Surgical products:: Definition, primary wound dressing, absorbents, surgical cotton, surgical gauzes etc., bandages, adhesive tape, protective cellulosic hemostastics, official dressings, absorbable and non-absorbable sutures, ligatures and catguts.
Packaging of Pharmaceutical Products:: Packaging components, types, specifications and methods of evaluation, stability aspects of packaging. Packaging equipments, factors influence choice of containers, legal and official requirements for containers, package testing.

Designing of dosage forms; Pre-formulation studies:: Study of physical properties of drug like physical form, particle size, shape, density, wetting, dielectric constant. Solubility, dissolution and organoleptic properties and their effect on formulation, stability and bioavailability. Study of chemical properties of drugs like hydrolysis, oxidation, reduction, racemization, polymerization etc., and their influence on formulation and stability of products. Study of pro-drugs in solving problems related to stability, bioavailability and elegancy of formulations. Design, development and process validation methods for pharmaceutical operations involved in the production of pharmaceutical products with special reference to tablets, suspensions. Stabilization and stability testing protocol for various pharmaceutical products. ICH Guidelines for stability testing of formulations.
Performance evaluation methods:: In-vitro dissolution studies for solid dosage forms methods, interpretation of dissolution data. Bioavailability studies and bioavailability testing protocol and procedures. In vivo methods of evaluation and statistical treatment. GMP and quality assurance, Quality audit. Design, development, production and evaluation of controlled/sustained/extended release formulations.

Biopharmaceutics:: Passage of drugs across biological barrier (passive diffusion, active transport, facilitated diffusion, ion-pair formation and pinocytosis); Factors influencing absorption- biological, physico-chemical, physiological and pharmaceutical; Drug distribution in the body, plasma protein binding.
Pharmacokinetics:: Significance of plasma drug concentration measurement. Compartment model- Definition and Scope. Pharmacokinetics of drug absorption - Zero order and first order absorption rate constant using Wagner-Nelson and residual methods. Volume of distribution and distribution coefficient. Compartment kinetics- One compartment and two compartment models. Determination of pharmacokinetic parameters from plasma and urine data after drug administration by intravascular and oral route. Clearance concept, mechanism of renal clearance, clearance ratio, determination of renal clearance. Extraction ratio, hepatic clearance, biliary excretion, extra-hepatic circulation. Non-linear pharmacokinetics with special reference to one compartment model after I.V. drug administration.
Clinical Pharmacokinetics:: Definition and scope: Dosage adjustment in patients with and without renal and hepatic failure; Design of single dose bio-equivalence study and relevant statistics; Pharmacokinetic drug interactions and their significance in combination therapy.
Bioavailability and bioequivalence:: Measures of bioavailability, Cmax, tmax, Keli and Area Under the Curve (AUC); Design of single dose bioequivalence study and relevant statistics; Review of regulatory requirements for conducting bioequivalent studies. Biopharmaceutical Classification System (BCS) of drugs.

PHARMACEUTICAL CHEMISTRY

Importance of inorganic compounds in pharmacy and medicine;: An outline of methods of preparation, uses, sources of impurities, tests for purity and identity, including limit tests for iron, arsenic, lead, heavy metals, chloride, sulphate and special tests if any, of the following classes of inorganic pharmaceuticals included in Indian Pharmacopoeia:
Gastrointestinal Agents:: Acidifying agents, Antacids, Protectives and Adsorbents, Cathartics;
Major Intra- and Extra-cellular Electrolytes:: Physiological ions. Electrolytes used for replacement therapy, acid-base balance and combination therapy;
Essential and Trace Elements:: Transition elements and their compounds of pharmaceutical importance, Iron and haematinics, mineral supplements; Cationic and anionic components of inorganic drugs useful for systemic effects;
Topical Agents:: Protectives, Astringents and Anti-infectives;
Gases and Vapors:: Oxygen, Anesthetics (inorganic) and Respiratory stimulants;
Dental Products:: Dentifrices, Anti-caries agents; Complexing and chelating agents used in therapy;
Miscellaneous Agents:: Sclerosing agents, Expectorants, Emetics, Inorganic poisons and antidotes.
Pharmaceutical Aids Used in Pharmaceutical Industry:: Anti-oxidants, Preservatives, Filter aids, Adsorbents, Diluents, Excipients, Suspending agents, Colorants;
Acids, Bases and Buffers:: Buffer equations and buffer capacity in general, buffers in pharmaceutical systems, preparation, stability, buffered isotonic solutions, measurements of tonicity, calculations and methods of adjusting isotonicity. Water;
Inorganic Radiopharmaceuticals:: Nuclear reaction, radioisotopes, radiopharmaceuticals, Nomenclature, Methods of obtaining their standards and units of activity, half-life, measurement of activity, clinical applications, dosage, hazards and precautions.

Importance of basic fundamentals of physical chemistry in pharmacy; Behaviour of Gases:: Kinetic theory of gases, deviation from ideal behavior and explanation;
The Liquid State:: Physical properties (surface tension, parachor, viscosity, refractive index, dipole moment);
Solutions:: Ideal and real solutions, solutions of gases in liquids, colligative properties, partition coefficient, conductance and its measurement, Debye Huckel theory;
Thermodynamics:: First, Second and Third laws, Zeroth law, Concept of free energy, enthalpy and entropy, absolute temperature scale;
Thermochemical equations; Phase rule; Adsorption:: Freudlich and Gibbs adsorption, isotherms, Langmuir’s theory of adsorption;
Photochemistry:: Consequences of light absorption, Jabolenski diagram, Quantum efficiency;
Chemical Kinetics:: Zero, First and Second order reactions, complex reactions, theories of reaction kinetics, characteristics of homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysis, acid base and enzyme catalysis;
Quantum Mechanics :: Postulates of quantum mechanics, operators in quantum mechanics, the Schrodinger wave equation.

Importance of fundamentals of organic chemistry in pharmaceutical sciences; Structure and Properties:: Atomic structure, Atomic orbitals, Molecular orbital theory, wave equation, Molecular orbitals, Bonding and Anti-bonding orbitals, Covalent bond, Hybrid orbitals, Intramolecular forces, Bond dissociation energy, Polarity of bonds, Polarity of molecules, Structure and physical properties, Intermolecular forces, Acids and bases;
Stereochemistry:: Nomenclature, isomerism, stereoisomerism, conformational and configurational isomerism, optical activity, specification of configuration, Reactions involving stereoisomers, chirality, conformations;
Stereoselective and stereospecific reactions; Structure, Nomenclature, Preparation and Reactions of:: Alkanes, Alkenes, Alkynes, Cyclic analogs, Dienes, Benzene, Polynuclear aromatic compounds, Arenes, Alkyl halides, Alcohols, Ethers, Epoxides, Amines, Phenols, Aldehydes and ketones, Carboxylic acids, Functional derivatives of' carboxylic acids, a,ß-Unsaturated carbonyl compounds, Reactive intermediates- carbocations, carbanions, carbenes and nitrenes;
Nucleophilic and Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution Reactions:: Reactivity and orientation;
Electrophilic and Nucleophilic Addition Reactions; Rearrangements: (Beckman, Hoffman, Benzilic acid, pinacole-pinacolone and Beyer-Villiger);
Elimination reactions; Conservation of Orbital Symmetry and Rules:: Electrocyclic, Cycloaddition and Sigmatropic reactions;
Neighboring group effects; Catalysis by transition metal complexes; Heterocyclic Compounds:: Nomenclature, preparation, properties and reactions of 3, 4, 5, 6 & 7-membered heterocycles with one or two heteroatoms like 0, N, S. Chemistry of lipids, Carbohydrates and Proteins.

Biochemistry in pharmaceutical sciences; The concept of free energy:: Determination of change in free energy - from equilibrium constant and reduction potential, bioenergetics, production of ATP and its biological significance;
Enzymes:: Nomenclature, enzyme kinetics and their mechanism of action, mechanism of inhibition, enzymes and iso-enzymes in clinical diagnosis;
Co-enzymes:: Vitamins as co-enzymes and their significance. Metals as cofactors and their significance; Carbohydrate Metabolism: Conversion of polysaccharides to glucose-1-phosphate, Glycolysis, fermentation and their regulation, Gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis, Metabolism of galactose and galactosemia, Role of sugar nucleotides in biosynthesis, and Pentose phosphate pathway;
The Citric Acid Cycle:: Significance, reactions and energetics of the cycle, Amphibolic role of the cycle, and Glyoxalic acid cycle;
Lipids Metabolism :: Oxidation of fatty acids, ß-oxidation & energetics, biosynthesis of ketone bodies and their utilization, biosynthesis of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids, Control of lipid metabolism, Essential fatty acids & eicosanoids (prostaglandins, thromboxanes and leukotrienes), phospholipids, and sphingolipids, Biosynthesis of eicosanoids, cholesterol, androgens, progesterone, estrogens corticosteroids and bile acids;
Biological Oxidation:: Redox-potential, enzymes and co-enzymes involved in oxidation reduction & its control, The respiratory chain, its role in energy capture and its control, energetics of oxidative phosphorylation. Inhibitors of respiratory chain and oxidative phosphorylation, Mechanism of oxidative phosphorylation;
Metabolism of ammonia and nitrogen containing monomers:: Nitrogen balance, Biosynthesis of amino acids, Catabolism of amino acids, Conversion of amino acids to specialized products, Assimilation of ammonia, Urea. cycle, metabolic disorders of urea cycle, Metabolism of sulphur containing amino acids;
Purine biosynthesis:: Purine nucleotide inter-conversions;
Pyrimidine biosynthesis:: and formation of deoxyribounucleotides;
Biosynthesis of Nucleic Acids:: Brief introduction of genetic organization of the mammalian genome, alteration and rearrangements of genetic material, Biosynthesis of DNA and its replications;
Mutation:: Physical & chemical mutagenesis/carcinogenesis, DNA repair mechanism. Biosynthesis of RNA;
Genetic Code and Protein Synthesis:: Genetic code, Components of protein synthesis and Inhibition of protein synthesis.

Basic Principles of Medicinal Chemistry:: Physico-chemical and stereoisomeric (Optical, geometrical) aspects of drug molecules and biological action, Bioisosterism, Drug-receptor interactions including transduction mechanisms;
Drug metabolism and Concept of Prodrugs; Principles of Drug Design (Theoretical Aspects):: Traditional analog and mechanism based approaches, QSAR approaches, Applications of quantum mechanics, Computer Aided Drug Designing (CADD) and molecular modeling;
Synthetic Procedures, Mode of Action, Uses, Structure Activity Relationships including Physicochemical Properties of the Following Classes of Drugs:: Drugs acting at synaptic and neuro-effector junction sites: Cholinergics, anti-cholinergics and cholinesterase inhibitors, Adrenergic drugs, Antispasmodic and anti-ulcer drugs, Local Anesthetics, Neuromuscular blocking agents;
Autacoids:: Antihistamines, Eicosanoids, Analgesic-antipyretics, Anti-inflammatory (non-steroidal) agents.
Steroidal Drugs:: Steroidal nomenclature (IUPAC) and stereochemistry, Androgens and anabolic agents, Estrogens and Progestational agents, Oral contraceptives, Adrenocorticoids;
Drugs acting on the central nervous system:: General Anesthetics, Hypnotics and Sedatives, Anticonvulsants, Anti-Parkinsonian drugs, Psychopharmacological agents (Neuroleptics, Anti-depressants, Anxiolytics), Opioid analgesics, Anti-tussives, CNS stimulants;
Diuretics; Cardiovascular drugs:: Anti-hypertensives, Anti-arrythmic agents, anti-anginal agents, Cardiotonics, Anti-hyperlipedemic agents, Anticoagulants and Anti-platelet drugs;
Thyroid and Anti thyroid drugs; Insulin and oral hypoglycemic agents;: Chemotherapeutic Agents used in bacterial, fungal, viral, protozoal, parasitic and other infections, Antibiotics: ß-Lactam, macrolides, tetracyclines, aminoglycosides, polypeptide antibiotics, fluoroquinolones,
Anti-metabolites: (including sulfonamides); Anti-neoplastic agents; Anti-viral agents (including anti–HIV);
Immunosuppressives and immunostimulants; Diagnostic agents; Pharmaceutical Aids; Microbial Transformations:: Introduction, types of reactions mediated by micro-organisms, design of biotransformation processes, selection of organisms, biotransformation process and its improvements with special reference to steroids;
Enzyme Immobilization:: Techniques of immobilization, factors affecting enzyme kinetics, Study of enzymes such as hyaluronidase, penicillinase, streptokinase, amylases and proteases, Immobilization of bacteria and plant cells.

Different techniques of pharmaceutical analysis, Preliminaries and definitions:: Significant figures, Rules for retaining significant digits, Types of errors, Mean deviation, Standard deviation, Statistical treatment of small data sets, Selection of sample, Precision and accuracy,
Fundamentals of volumetric analysis:: methods of expressing concentration, primary and secondary standards:
Acid Base Titrations:: Acid base concepts, Role of solvents, Relative strengths of acids and bases, Ionization, Law of mass action, Common ion effect, Ionic product of water, pH, Hydrolysis of salts, Henderson-Hasselbach equation, Buffer solutions, Neutralization curves, Acid-base indicators, Theory of indicators, Choice of indicators, Mixed indicators, Polyprotic systems, Polyamine and amino acid systems, Amino acid titrations;
Oxidation Reduction Titrations:: Concepts of oxidation and reduction, Redox reactions, Strengths and equivalent weights of oxidizing and reducing agents, Theory of redox titrations, Redox indicators, Cell representations, Measurement of electrode potential, Oxidation-reduction curves, Iodimetry and Iodometry, Titrations involving cerric ammonium sulphate, potassium iodate, potassium bromate, potassium permanganate; titanous chloride, stannous chloride and Sodium 2,6-dichlorophenolindophenol;
Precipitation Titrations:: Precipitation reactions, Solubility product, Effect of acids, temperature and solvent upon the solubility of a precipitate, Argentometric titrations and titrations involving ammonium or potassium thiocyanate, mercuric nitrate, and barium sulphate, indicators, Methods of end point determination (GayLussac method, Mohr’s method, Volhard's method and Fajan's method).
Gravimetric Analysis:: Precipitation techniques, The colloidal state, Supersaturation, Co-precipitation, Post-precipitation, Digestion, washing of the precipitate, Filtration, Filter papers and crucibles, Ignition, Thermogravimetric curves, Specific examples like barium sulphate, aluminium as aluminium oxide, calcium as calcium oxalate and magnesium as magnesium pyrophosphate, Organic precipitants;
Non-aqueous titrations:: Acidic and basic drugs, Solvents used, Indicators;
Complexometric titrations;: Complexing agents used as titrants, Indicators, Masking and demasking;
Miscellaneous Methods of Analysis:: Diazotization titrations, Kjeldahl method of nitrogen estimation, Karl-Fischer aquametry, Oxygen flask combustion method, Gasometry;
Extraction procedures including separation of drugs from excipients; Potentiometry:: Standard redox potential, Nernst equation, Half-cell potential, Standard and indicating electrodes, potentiometric titrations;
Conductometry:: Specific and equivalent conductance, conductometric titrations;
Coulometry:: Coulomb’s law, Coulometric titrations at fixed potential/current;
Polarography:: Decomposition potential, Half-wave potential, Diffision/migration/migration current, Ilkovic equation, Cathodic/anodic polarography, Dropping mercury electrode, Graphite electrode, Organic polarography;
Amperometry:: Rotating platinum electrode, Amperometric titrations;
Chromatography:: Theory of chromatography, plate theory, Factors affecting resolution, van Deemter equation, The following chromatographic techniques (including instrumentation) with relevant examples of Pharmacopoeial products: TLC, HPLC, GLC, HPTLC, Paper Chromatography and Column Chromatography;
The Theoretical Aspects, Basic Instrumentation, Elements of Interpretation of Spectra, and Applications (quantitative and qualitative) of the Following Analytical Techniques:: Ultraviolet and visible spectrophotometry, Fluorimetry, Infrared spectrophotometry, Nuclear Magnetic Resonance spectroscopy, Mass Spectrometry (EI & CI only), Flame Photometry, Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy, X-ray Diffraction Analysis, Radioimmunoassay.
Quality assurance:: GLP, ISO 9000, TQM, Quality Review and Quality documentation, Regulatory control, regulatory drug analysis, interpretation of analytical data, Validation, quality audit: quality of equipment, validation of equipment, validation of analytical procedures.

PHARMACOLOGY

Pathophysiology of common diseases; Basic Principles of Cell Injury and Adaptations:: Causes of Cellular injury, pathogenesis, morphology of cell injury, adaptations and cell death.
Basic Mechanisms involved in the process of inflammation and repair:: Vascular and cellular events of acute inflammation, chemical mediators of inflammation, pathogenesis of chronic inflammation, brief outline of the process of repair.
Immunopathophysiology:: T and B cells, MHC proteins, antigen presenting cells, immune tolerance, pathogenesis of hypersensitivity reactions, autoimmune diseases, AIDS, Amyloidosis.
Pathophysiology of Common Diseases:: Asthma, diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis, gout, ulcerative colitis, neoplasia, psychosis, depression, mania, epilepsy, acute and chronic renal failure, hypertension, angina, congestive heart failure, atherosclerosis, myocardial infarction, congestive heart failure, peptic ulcer, anemias, hepatic disorders, tuberculosis, urinary tract infections and sexually transmitted diseases. Wherever applicable the molecular basis should be discussed.

Fundamentals of general pharmacology:: Dosage forms and routes of administration, mechanism of action, combined effect of drugs, factors modifying drug action, tolerance and dependence; Pharmacogenetics; Principles of Basic and Clinical pharmacokinetics, absorption, Distribution, Metabolism and Excretion of drugs, Adverse Drug Reactions; Bioassay of Drugs and Biological Standardization; Discovery and development of new drugs, Bioavailability and bioequivalence studies;
Pharmacology of Peripheral Nervous System:: Neurohumoral transmission (autonomic and somatic), Parasympathomimetics, Parasympatholytics, Sympathomimetics, Adrenergic receptor and neuron blocking agents, Ganglion stimulants and blocking agents, Neuromuscular blocking Agents, Local anesthetic Agents.
Pharmacology of Central Nervous System:: Neurohumoral transmission in the C.N.S., General Anesthetics, Alcohols and disulfiram, Sedatives, Hypnotics, Anti-anxiety agents and Centrally acting muscle relaxants, Psychopharmacological agents (anti-psychotics), anti-maniacs and hallucinogens, Antidepressants, Anti-epileptics drugs, Anti-Parkinsonian drugs, Analgesics, Antipyretics, Narcotic analgesics and antagonists, C.N.S. stimulants, Drug Addiction and Drug Abuse.
Pharmacology of Cardiovascular System:: Drugs used in the management of congestive cardiac failure, Antihypertensive drugs, Anti-anginal and Vasodilator drugs, including calcium channel blockers and beta adrenergic antagonists, Anti-arrhythmic drugs, Anti-hyperlipedemic drugs, Drugs used in the therapy of shock.
Drugs Acting on the Hemopoietic System:: Hematinics, Anticoagulants, Vitamin K and hemostatic agents, Fibrinolytic and anti-platelet drugs, Blood and plasma volume expanders.
Drugs acting on urinary system:: Fluid and electrolyte balance, Diuretics.
Autacoids:: Histamine, Antihistaminic drugs, 5-HT- its agonists and antagonists, Prostaglandins, thromboxanes and leukotrienes, Angiotensin, Bradykinin and Substance P and other vasoactive peptides, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory and anti-gout agents.
Drugs Acting on the Respiratory System:: Anti-asthmatic drugs including bronchodilators, Anti-tussives and expectorants, Respiratory stimulants.
Drugs acting on the Gastrointestinal Tract:: Antacids, Anti-secretory and Anti-ulcer drugs, Laxatives and anti-diarrhoeal drugs, Appetite Stimulants and Suppressants, Emetics and anti-emetics, Miscellaneous: Carminatives, demulcents, protectives, adsorbents, astringents, digestants, enzymes and mucolytics.
Pharmacology of Endocrine System:: Hypothalamic and pituitary hormones, Thyroid hormones and anti thyroid drugs, parathormone, calcitonin and Vitamin D, Insulin, glucagons, incretins, oral hypoglycemic agents and insulin analogs, ACTH and corticosteroids, Androgens and anabolic steroids, Estrogens, progesterone and oral contraceptives, Drugs acting on the uterus.
Chemotherapy:: General Principles of Chemotherapy, Bacterial resistance; Sulfonamides and cotrimoxazole, Antibiotics- Penicillins, Cephalosporins, Aminoglycosides, Chloramphenicol, Macrolides, Tetracyclines, Quinolones, fluoroquinolones and Miscellaneous antibiotics; Chemotherapy of tuberculosis, leprosy, fungal diseases, viral diseases, HIV and AIDS, urinary tract infections and sexually transmitted diseases, malaria, amoebiasis and other protozoal infections and Anthelmentics. Chemotherapy of malignancy and immunosuppressive agents.
Principles of Toxicology:: Definition of poison, general principles of treatment of poisoning with particular reference to barbiturates, opioids, organophosphorous and atropine poisoning, Heavy metals and heavy metal antagonists.

Basic Concepts of Pharmacotherapy:: Clinical Pharmacokinetics and individualization of Drug therapy, Drug delivery systems and their Biopharmaceutic & Therapeutic considerations, Drugs used during infancy and in the elderly persons (Pediatrics & Geriatrics), Drugs used during pregnancy, Drug induced diseases, The basics of drug interactions, General principles of clinical toxicology, Common clinical laboratory tests and their interpretation;
Important Disorders of Organs, Systems and their Management:: Cardio-vascular disorders- Hypertension, Congestive heart failure, Angina, Acute myocardial infarction, Cardiac arrhythmias.
CNS Disorders:: Epilepsy, Parkinsonism, Schizophrenia,
Depression Respiratory disease-: Asthma.
Gastrointestinal Disorders-: Peptic ulcer, Ulcerative colitis, Hepatitis, Cirrhosis.
Endocrine Disorders-: Diabetes mellitus and Thyroid disorders.
Infectious Diseases-: Tuberculosis, Urinary tract infections, Enteric infections, Upper respiratory infections. Hematopoietic Disorders- Anemias,
Joint and Connective tissue disorders-: Rheumatic diseases, Gout and Hyperuricemia.
Neoplastic Diseases-: Acute Leukaemias, Hodgkin's disease. Therapeutic Drug Monitoring, Concept of Essential Drugs and Rational Drug use.

PHARMACOGNOSY

Sources of Drugs:: Biological, marine, mineral and plant tissue cultures as sources of drugs;
Classification of Drugs:: Morphological, taxonomical, chemical and pharmacological classification of drugs;
Study of medicinally important plants belonging to the families with special reference to:: Apocynacae, Solanaceae, Rutacease, Umbelliferae, Leguminosae, Rubiaceae, Liliaceae, Graminae, Labiatae, Cruciferae, Papaveraceae;
Cultivation, Collection, Processing and Storage of Crude Drugs:: Factors influencing cultivation of medicinal plants, Types of soils and fertilizers of common use. Pest management and natural pest control agents, Plant hormones and their applications, Polyploidy, mutation and hybridization with reference to medicinal plants.
Quality Control of Crude Drugs:: Adulteration of crude drugs and their detection by organoleptic, microscopic, physical, chemical and biological methods and properties.
Introduction to Active Constituents of Drugs:: Their isolation, classification and properties.
Systematic pharmacognostic study of the followings: CARBOHYDRATES and derived products:: agar, guar gum acacia, Honey, Isabagol, pectin, Starch, sterculia and Tragacanth;
Lipids:: Bees wax, Castor oil, Cocoa butter, Codliver oil, Hydnocarpus oil, Kokum butter, Lard, Linseed oil, Rice, Bran oil, Shark liver oil and Wool fat;
RESINS:: Study of Drugs Containing Resins and Resin Combinations like Colophony, podophyllum, jalap, cannabis, capsicum, myrrh, asafoetida, balsam of Tolu, balsam of Peru, benzoin, turmeric, ginger;
TANNINS:: Study of tannins and tannin containing drugs like Gambier, black catechu, gall and myrobalan;
VOLATILE OILS:: General methods of obtaining volatile oils from plants, Study of volatile oils of Mentha, Coriander, Cinnamon, Cassia, Lemon peel, Orange peel, Lemon grass, Citronella, Caraway, Dill, Spearmint, Clove, Fennel, Nutmeg, Eucalyptus, Chenopodium, Cardamom, Valerian, Musk, Palmarosa, Gaultheria, Sandal wood;
Phytochemical Screening:: Preparation of extracts, Screening of alkaloids, saponins, cardenolides and bufadienolides, flavonoids and leucoanthocyanidins, tannins and polyphenols, anthraquinones, cynogenetic glycosides, amino acids in plant extracts;
FIBERS:: Study of fibers used in pharmacy such as cotton, silk, wool, nylon, glass-wool, polyester and asbestos.

Study of the biological sources, cultivation, collection, commercial varieties, chemical constituents, substitutes, adulterants, uses, diagnostic macroscopic and microscopic features and specific chemical tests of following groups of drugs: GLYCOSIDE CONTAINING DRUGS: Saponins :: Liquorice, ginseng, dioscorea, sarsaparilla, and senega.
Cardioactive glycosides:: Digitalis, squill, strophanthus and thevetia,
Anthraquinone cathartics:: Aloe, senna, rhubarb and cascara,
Others:: Psoralea, Ammi majus, Ammi visnaga, gentian, saffron, chirata, quassia.
ALKALOID CONTAINING DRUGS: Pyridine-piperidine:: Tobacco, areca and lobelia.
Tropane:: Belladonna, hyoscyamus, datura, duboisia, coca and withania.
Quinoline and Isoquinoline:: Cinchona, ipecac, opium.
Indole:: Ergot, rauwolfia, catharanthus, nux-vomica and physostigma.
Imidazole:: Pilocarpus.
Steroidal:: Veratrum and kurchi.
Alkaloidal Amine:: Ephedra and colchicum.
Glycoalkaloid:: Solanum.
Purines:: Coffee, tea and cola. Biological sources, preparation, identification tests and uses of the following enzymes: Diastase, papain, pepsin, trypsin, pancreatin.
Studies of Traditional Drugs:: Common vernacular names, botanical sources, morphology, chemical nature of chief constituents, pharmacology, categories and common uses and marketed formulations of following indigenous drugs: Amla, Kantkari, Satavari, Tylophora, Bhilawa, Kalijiri, Bach, Rasna, Punamava, Chitrack, Apamarg, Gokhru, Shankhapushpi, Brahmi, Adusa, Atjuna, Ashoka, Methi, Lahsun, Palash, Guggal, Gymnema, Shilajit, Nagarmotha and Neem. The holistic concept of drug administration in traditional systems of medicine. Introduction to ayurvedic preparations like Arishtas, Asvas, Gutikas, Tailas, Chumas, Lehyas and Bhasmas.

General Techniques of Biosynthetic Studies and Basic Metabolic Pathways/Biogenesis:: Brief introduction to biogenesis of secondary metabolites of pharmaceutical importance.
Terpenes:: monoterpenes, sesquiterpenes, diterpenes, and triterpenoids.
Carotenoids:: a-carotenoids, ß-carotenes, vitamin A, Xanthophylls of medicinal importance.
Glycosides:: Digitoxin, digoxin, hecogenin, sennosides, diosgenin and sarasapogenin.
Alkaloids:: Atropine and related compounds, Quinine, Reserpine, Morphine, Papaverine, Ephedrine, Ergot and Vinca alkaloids.
Lignans, quassanoids and flavonoids. Role of plant-based drugs on National economy:: A brief account of plant based industries and institutions involved in work on medicinal and aromatic plants in India. Utilization and production of phyto-constituents such as quinine, calcium sennosides, podophyllotoxin, diosgenin, solasodine, and tropane alkaloids. Utilization of aromatic plants and derived products with special reference to sandalwood oil, mentha oil, lemon grass oil, vetiver oil, geranium oil and eucalyptus oil. World-wide trade in medicinal plants and derived products with special reference to diosgenin (disocorea), taxol (Taxus sps) digitalis, tropane alkaloid containing plants, Papain, cinchona, Ipecac, Liquorice, Ginseng, Aloe, Valerian, Rauwolfia and plants containing laxatives. Plant bitters and sweeteners.
Plant Tissue Culture:: Historical development of plant tissue culture, types of cultures, nutritional requirements, growth and their maintenance. Applications of plant tissue culture in pharmacognosy.
Marine pharmacognosy:: Novel medicinal agents from marine sources.
Natural allergens and photosensitizing agents and fungal toxins. Herbs as health foods. Herbal cosmetics. Standardization and quality control of herbal drugs, WHO guidelines for the standardization of herbal drugs.

sum importanta links for gpat 2011:-

2010-12-26T04:22:00.000-08:00

www.gpat.in
www.pci.nic.in

www.ugc.ac.in

http://www.aicte-india.org

To Pharma student

2010-12-26T01:30:00.000-08:00

Hi to all pharma students of India.This is vinay kumar(B.PHARM) from
Maharaja Surajmal Institute of Pharmacy(IP univ.),new delhi.
As u know that there is very dirty situation in the pharma field on
our job front due to ignorance of govt and pharma industries.our
pharma courses are ignored by them. A marked question is that
who wl resolve our problem.my answer is you and our unity.pharma
manufacturing industries r paying us unsatisfactory salary and also no
more options after B.Pharm/M.Pharm in the govt sector except the post
of drug inspectors.Is this sufficient for our valuable course.we r the
valuable part of health sector.dont thnk to do the job of hospital
pharmacist with your higher qualification b/c this is for D.Pharm.you
r wl qalified so thnk higher for the wellness of our field.
Now for your kind information i hv invested my energy to resolve the
problems of pharma field in the last 4 mnths.i hv talked to ministry
of labour and employment and to dept of pharmaceuticals,ministry of
chemicals & fertilizers,govt of india.i hv submitted an application
to dept of pharmaceuticals with the following demand/issues:-
(1) Regulate the pharma manufacturing industries to pay us the
satisfactory salary. EXPLANATION:If a hospital pharmacist(D. Pharm)
may get Rs.22000 to 25000 then why not b.pharm/m.pharm in mfg
industries. (2)Put the pharmaceutical science in
UPSC-civil services exam as one of the subject.
EXPLANATION: If medical, eng,veterinary& agriculture sciences are
there then why not pharmaceutical science? (3) To
generate the new job options for b.pharm/m.pharm in the govt sector.
EXPLANATION: We hv no more option except DI.
(4)There shd be a 'pharma act' to stop the entry of non-pharma
degree holders in our field. EXPLANATION:only pharmacy education
is meant for pharma field. (5) We dont
want to work as MR. EXPLANATION: B.A., B.Sc., 12th
pass and others working as MR.Then wht is the specification for us?
You know after listing these
points they realised the problems of pharma field and seems to be
interested to resolved them. After finding some positive sign from
govt side i discussed to Indian pharmacy graduates association
president sir-Mr. Atul nasa and hv convinced him abt every thing which
i hv done.Now my proposal is passed on 28 nov 2010 in the Official
mtng of IPGA Delhi.IPGA Delhi is with us and they wl go to ministry
with me.we wl tk more student representatives from other pharma inst.
IPGA Delhi hs adviced me to get the feed back of pharma students
for the generation of new job profiles in the govt sector.so students
you know your authority very well as wht shd be your job profiles.so
generate the new job options for u from your mind and mail me within 2
wks.also write abt govt working as they hv ignored the pharma
field.your feed back wl be submitted to the govt and on the basis of
your feed back IPGA Delhi wl prepare a demand list for submtng to the
govt. NOTE-Forward this msg to all the
pharma students in your contact all over the country.also write your
name and institution name with your feed back. Thanking
you, vinay kumar(member-IPGA Delhi)
Email: (1) vinay2007.kr@gmail.com (2)
vinay_2293435@yahoo.com Mob.-9811911830

Glycolysis pathway

2010-12-25T08:07:00.000-08:00

For medical Eboos

2010-12-24T10:17:00.000-08:00

u guyzz can easily find out medical, pharmacy,biochemistry,pharmacology e books from these links...
so plz check it out....
1:- www.pharmatext.org
2:- www.pharmacyebooks.com
3:-www.pharma-books.blogspot.com
4:-www.siue.edu

2010-12-24T10:13:00.001-08:00

I want to wish every single one of you Merry Christmas and a Happy New Year... A succesful year...
And all the best for UTU exams........

2010-11-25T08:38:00.001-08:00

ABOUT GPAT 2011

Graduate Pharmacy Aptitude Test (GPAT 2011) is an all India Examination to be conducted by The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, Vadodara on behalf of All India Council for Technical Education, New Delhi.
The Scores in Graduate Aptitude Test for Engineering (GATE) have been in use till the year 2009 for admission in Master’s Programme in Pharmacy (M.Pharm) and also for awarding fellowships/scholarships to Pharmacy Graduate along with engineering graduates. The Organizing Committee for GATE has expressed its inability to include Pharmacy graduates in GATE with effect from the year 2011, owing to operational problems due to large number of candidates appearing for GATE examination.
Therefore, in order to facilitate admission of Pharmacy graduates in M.Pharm as also to award fellowships/scholarships to Pharmacy graduates, AICTE decided to organize and conduct an examination in the name of Graduate Pharmacy Aptitude Test (GPAT) with effect from academic year 2011-12.Accordingly, a National Monitoring Committee (NMC) was constituted for monitoring the issues pertaining to the policy as well as conduct of GPAT examination.
NMC has recommended for the conduct of 1st GPAT examination for Pharmacy graduates, i.e. GPAT-2012by ‘The M.S.University of Baroda’, Vadodara–390 002,
The M.S.University of Baroda, Vadodara is the sole authority for conducting GPAT-2011examination through out the country and declaring the result for the year 2011.

2010-11-25T08:12:00.000-08:00

The Indian Pharmaceutical Association (IPA) will celebrate National Pharmacy Week (NPW) all over the country in the third week of November. The 49th NPW this year will be from Sunday to November 28. The theme selected for this year's NPW is: “Safty firsrt withMedicines : Ask Your Pharmacist”...

Advisory to student

2009-11-16T03:15:00.000-08:00

A number of Pharmacy Institutions are functioning in the country without seeking/obtaining recognition/approval from the Pharmacy Council India. The qualifications obtained by students from such institutions which are not approved/recognised by the Pharmacy Council, will not entitle such students to register themselves as Pharmacists under Pharmacy Act 1948. The approved pharmacy qualifications for registration as Pharmacist under the Pharmacy Act 1948 are;

- Diploma in Pharmacy (D.Pharm)

- Bachelor of Pharmacy (B.Pharm)

- Pharm.D & Pharm.D (Post Baccalaureate)

In view of this, all students aspiring to pursue any course in Pharmacy for the purpose of registration as a Pharmacist under the Pharmacy Act, 1948 should first ensure that the particular institution which they intend to join has been recognised/approved by the Pharmacy Council of India for the conduct of the course of study/approved u/s 12 of the Pharmacy Act, 1948. The lists of such institutions is displayed on the official website of the Council. (www.pci.nic.in).

LIST OF DRUGS PROHIBITED FOR MANUFACTURE AND SALE THROUGH GAZETTE NOTIFICATIONS UNDER SECTION 26A OF DRUGS & COSMETICS ACT 1940 BY THE MINISTRY OF HEA

2009-11-16T02:39:00.000-08:00

1. Amidopyrine
2. Fixed dose combinations of vitamins with anti-inflammatory agents and tranquilizers.
3. Fixed dose combinations of Atropine in Analgesics and Antipyretics.
4. Fixed dose combinations of Strychnine and Caffeine in tonics.
5.Fixed dose combinations of Yohimbine and Strychnine with Testosterone and Vitamins.
6. Fixed dose combinations of Iron with Strychnine, Arsenic and Yohimbine.
7. Fixed dose combinations of Sodium Bromide/chloral hydrate with other drugs.
8. Phenacetin.
9. Fixed dose combinations of antihistaminic with anti-diarrhoeals.
10. Fixed dose combinations of Penicillin with Sulphonamides.
11. Fixed dose combinations of Vitamins with Analgesics.
B12.Fixed dose combinations of any other Tetracycline with Vitamin C.
E13.Fixed dose combinations of Hydroxyquinoline group of drugs with any other drug except for preparations meant for external use.
ccc14. Fixed dose combinations of Corticosteroids with any other drug for internal use.
ccc15. Fixed dose combinations of Chloramphenicol with any other drug for internal use.
16.Fixed dose combinations of crude Ergot preparations except those containing Ergotamine, Caffeine, analgesics, antihistamines for the treatment of migraine, headaches.
17.Fixed dose combinations of Vitamins with Anti TB drugs except combination of Isoniazid with Pyridoxine Hydrochloride (Vitamin B6).
18. Penicillin skin/eye Ointment.
19. Tetracycline Liquid Oral preparations.
20. Nialamide.
21. Practolol.
22. Methapyrilene, its salts.
c 23. Methaqualone.
& 24. Oxytetracycline Liquid Oral preparations.
& 25. Demeclocycline Liquid Oral preparations.
T 26. Combination of anabolic Steroids with other drugs.
cc 27.Fixed dose combination of Oestrogen and Progestin (other than oral contraceptive) containing per tablet estrogen content of more than 50 mcg (equivalent to Ethinyl Estradiol) and progestin content of more than 3 mg (equivalent to Norethisterone Acetate) and all fixed dose combination injectable preparations containing synthetic Oestrogen and Progesterone. (Subs. By Noti. No. 743 (E) dt 10-08-1989)
* 28.Fixed dose combination of Sedatives/ hypnotics/anxiolytics with analgesics-antipyretics.
J*29.Fixed dose combination of Rifanpicin, isoniazid and Pyrazinamide, except those which provide daily adult dose given below:
Drugs Minimum Maximum
Rifampicin 450 mg 600 mg
Isoniazid 300 mg 400 mg
Pyrazinamide 1000mg 1500 mg
* 30. Fixed dose combination of Histamine H-2 receptor antagonists with antacids except for those combinations approved by Drugs Controller, India.
* 31.The patent and proprietary medicines of fixed dose combinations of essential oils with alcohol having percentage higher than 20% proof except preparations given in the Indian Pharmacopoeia.
* 32. All Pharmaceutical preparations containing Chloroform exceeding 0.5% w/w or v/v whichever is appropriate.
** 33.Fixed dose combination of Ethambutol with INH other than the following: INH Ethambutol 200 mg. 600 mg. 300 mg. 800 mg.
** 34. Fixed dose combination containing more than one antihistamine.
B**35.Fixed dose combination of any anthelmintic with cathartic/purgative except for piperazine/Santonim.
**36. Fixed dose combination of Salbutamol or any other bronchodilator with centrally acting anti-tussive and/or antihistamine.
** 37.Fixed dose combination of laxatives and/or anti-spasmodic drugs in enzyme preparations.
G** 38.Fixed dose combination of Metoclopramide with systemically absorbed drugs except fixed dose combination of metoclopramide with aspirin/paracetamol
** 39.Fixed dose combination of centrally acting, antitussive with antihistamine, having high atropine like activity in expectorants.
** 40.Preparations claiming to combat cough associated with asthma containing centrally acting antitussive and/ or an antihistamine.
** 41.Liquid oral tonic preparations containing glycerophosphates and/or other phosphates and / or central nervous system stimulant and such preparations containing alcohol more than 20% proof.
** 42.Fixed dose combination containing Pectin and/or Kaolin with any drug which is systemically absorbed from GI tract except for combinations of Pectin and/or Kaolin with drugs not systemically absorbed.
*** 43. Chloral Hydrate as a drug.
b 44. Dovers Powder I.P.
b 45. Dover’s Powder Tablets I.P.
A 46.Antidiarrhoeal formulations containing Kaolin or Pectin or Attapulgite or Activated Charcoal.
A 47.Antidiarrhoeal formulations containing Phthalyl Sulphathiazole or Sulphaguanidine or Succinyl Sulphathiazole.
A 48.Antidiarrhoeal formulations containing Neomycin or Streptomycin or Dihydrostreptomycin including their respective salts or esters.
A 49.Liquid Oral antidiarrhoeals or any other dosage form for pediatric use containing Diphenoxylate Lorloperamide or Atropine or Belladona including their salts or esters or metabolites Hyoscyamine or their extracts or their alkaloids.
A 50.Liquid Oral antidiarrhoeals or any other dosage form for pediatric use containing halogenated hydroxyquinolines.
A 51. Fixed dose combination of antidiarrhoeals with electrolytes.
C 52. Patent and Proprietary Oral Rehydration Salts other than those conforming to the following parameters: (a) Patent and Proprietary Oral Rehydration Salts on reconstitution to one litre shall contain:- Sodium - 50 to 90 millimoles. Total osmolarity - 240 - 290 milli osmoles. Dextrose : Sodium molar ratio - Not less than 1:1 and not more than 3:1 (b) Patent and Proprietary cereal based Oral Rehydration Salts on reconstitution to one litre shall contain :- Total osmolarity - Not more than 2900 milli osmoles. Precooked rice- Equivalent to not less than 50 gm and not more than 80 gm as total replacement of Dextrose. (c) Patent and Proprietary Oral Rehydration Salts (ORS) may contain aminoacids in addition to Oral Rehydration Salt conforming to the parameters specified above and labeled with the indication for "Adult Choleratic Diarrhoea" only. (d) Patent and Proprietary Oral Rehydration Salts shall not contain Mono or Polysaccharides or saccharin sweetening agent.
D 53. Fixed dose combination of Oxyphenbutazone or Phenylbutazone with any other drug.
H.D54. Fixed dose combination of Analgin with any other drug.
D 55. Fixed dose combination of dextropropoxyphene with any other drug other than anti-spasmodics and/or non-steriodal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS).
D 56. Fixed dose combination of a drug, standards of which are prescribed in the Second Schedule to the said Act with an Ayurvedic, Siddha or Unani drug.
F 57. Mepacrine Hydrochloride (Quinacrine and its salts) in any dosage form for use for female sterilization or contraception.
F 58. Fenfluramine and Dexfenfluramine.
I 59. Fixed dose combination of Diazepam and Diphenhydramine Hydrochloride .

LIST OF GAZETTE NOTIFICATION PUBLISHED
The Principal Notification GSR 578 (E) dt.23.7.83.
c Added b GSR 4(E) dated 31.01.1984
& Added b GSR 322(E) dated 03.05.1984\
T Amended by GSR 863(E) dated 22.11.1985
cc Amended by GSR 743(E) dated 10.08.1989
ccc Amended by GSR 1057(E) dated 03.11.1988
* Added by GSR 999(E) dated 26.12.1990
* Added by GSR 69(E) dated 11.02.1991
xxx Added by GSR 304(E) dated 7.06.1990
@ Added by GSR 444(E) dated 7.06.1992
b Added by GSR 111(E) dated 22.02.1994
A Added by GSR 731(E) dated 30.09.1994
B Added by GSR 848(E) dated 7.12.1994
C Added by GSR 57(E) dated 7.02.1995
D Added by GSR 633(E) dated 13.09.1995
E Added by GSR 793(E) dated 13.03.1995
Added by GSR 93(E) dated 25.05.1997
F Added by GSR 499(E) dated 14.08.1998
G Added by GSR 394(E) dated 19.05.1999
H Added by GSR 405(E) dated 3.06.1999
I Added by GSR 169(E) dated 12.03.2001

DRUGS PROHIBITED FOR MANUFACTURE , SALE AND DISTRIBUTION FROM SUBSEQUENT DATE
Drugs Formulation Effective date Notification

1.Cosmetics Licensed as toothpaste/tooth With immediate GSR 444(E)
powder containing tobacco. effect dt.30.4.92
2.Parenteal Preparations fixed dose Jan 1,1998 GSR 93(E)
combination of streptomycin with dt.25.2.97
Pencillin
3.Fixed dose combination of Vitamin B1, Jan 1,2001 GSR 702(E)
Vitamin B6 and Vitamin B12 for dt.14.10.99
human use
4.Fixed dose combination of haemoglobin Sep 1,2000 GSR 814(E)
in any form (natural or synthetic). dt.16.12.99
5.Fixed dose combination of Pancreatin or Sept. 1,2000 GSR 814(E)
Pancrelipase containing amylase, protease dt.16.12.99
and lipase with any other enzyme.
6. Fixed dose combination of Nitrofurantoin Jan 1,2002 GSR 170(E)
and trimethoprim. dt.12.3.01
7.Fixed dose combination of Phenobarbitone Jan 1,2002 GRS 170(E)
with any anti-asthmatic drugs. dt.12.3.01
8.Fixed dose combination of Phenobarbitone Jan 1,2002 GSR 170(E)
with Hyoscin and/or Hyoscyamine dt.12.3.01
9.Fixed dose combination of Phenobarbitone Jan 1,2002 GSR 170(E)
with Ergotamine and/or Belladona dt.12.3.01
10.Fixed dose combination of Haloperidol Jan 1,2002 GSR 170(E)
with any anti-cholinergic agent including dt.12.3.01
Propantheline Bromide.
11.Fixed dose combination of Nalidixic Acid Jan 1,2002 GSR 170(E)
with any anti-amoebic including Metronidazole. dt.12.3.01
12.Fixed dose combination of Loperamide Jan 1,2002 GSR 170(E)
Hydrochloride with Furazolidone dt.12.3.01
13.Fixed dose combination of Cyproheptadine Jan 1,2003 GSR 170(E)
with Lysine or Peptone. dt.12.3.01
14.Astemizole Apr.1,2003 GSR 191(E)
dt.5.3.03
15.Terfinadine Apr.1,2003 GSR 191(E)
dt.5.3.03
16.Fenformin Oct.1,2003 GSR 780(E)
dt.1.10.03
17.Rafecoxib Dec 13,2004 GSR 810(E) dt. 13.12.04
18.Valdecoxib July 25,2005 GSR 510(E) and it's formulation dt. 25.07.05

SWINE FLU (INFLUENZA H1N1)

2009-11-16T02:36:00.000-08:00

FDA Approves Vaccines for 2009 H1N1 Influenza Virus
{Approval Provides Important Tool to Fight Pandemic}
The U.S. Food and Drug Administration announced that it has approved four vaccines against the 2009 H1N1 influenza virus. The vaccines will be distributed nationally after the initial lots become available, which is expected within the next four weeks.
“Today's approval is good news for our nation's response to the 2009 H1N1 influenza virus,” said Commissioner of Food and Drugs Margaret A. Hamburg, M.D. “This vaccine will help protect individuals from serious illness and death from influenza.”
The vaccines are made by CSL Limited, MedImmune LLC, Novartis Vaccines and Diagnostics Limited, and sanofi pasteur Inc. All four firms manufacture the H1N1 vaccines using the same processes, which have a long record of producing safe seasonal influenza vaccines.

”The H1N1 vaccines approved today undergo the same rigorous FDA manufacturing oversight, product quality testing and lot release procedures that apply to seasonal influenza vaccines,” said Jesse Goodman, M.D., FDA acting chief scientist.
Based on preliminary data from adults participating in multiple clinical studies, the 2009 H1N1 vaccines induce a robust immune response in most healthy adults eight to 10 days after a single dose, as occurs with the seasonal influenza vaccine.
Clinical studies under way will provide additional information about the optimal dose in children. The recommendations for dosing will be updated if indicated by findings from those studies. The findings are expected in the near future.
As with the seasonal influenza vaccines, the 2009 H1N1 vaccines are being produced in formulations that contain thimerosal, a mercury-containing preservative, and in formulations that do not contain thimerosal.
People with severe or life-threatening allergies to chicken eggs, or to any other substance in the vaccine, should not be vaccinated.
In the ongoing clinical studies, the vaccines have been well tolerated. Potential side effects of the H1N1 vaccines are expected to be similar to those of seasonal flu vaccines.
For the injected vaccine, the most common side effect is soreness at the injection site. Other side effects may include mild fever, body aches, and fatigue for a few days after the inoculation. For the nasal spray vaccine, the most common side effects include runny nose or nasal congestion for all ages, sore throats in adults, and -- in children 2 to 6 years old -- fever.
As with any medical product, unexpected or rare serious adverse events may occur. The FDA is working closely with governmental and nongovernmental organizations to enhance the capacity for adverse event monitoring, information sharing and analysis during and after the 2009 H1N1 vaccination program. In the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, these agencies include the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
Vaccines against three seasonal virus strains are already available and should be used. However, they do not protect against the 2009 H1N1 virus

About dehradun

2009-07-26T18:27:00.000-07:00

Dehradun is the Capital of the North Indian state of Uttarakhand which was carved out of Uttar Pradesh in the year 2000. The city is also the headquarters of the Dehradun district. The scenic beauty of the city has been captivating generations of tourists and settlers ever since the first group of Sikh wanderers camped in these valleys after being banished by the mughul emperor Aurangzeb to the wilderness. Touristplacesinindia offers complete information about Dehradun including its history and tourist attractions.

Location – The city is located in the Doon valley in the north west of the state. The valley is situated between the Himalayas in the North and the Shivalik hills to the South. The two pious rivers Ganga and Yamuna flank Dehradun on the eastern and western sides respectively.

From Dehradun , tourists can visit Rishikesh, Hardwar , Auli, Mussoorie and other tourist destinations in Uttarakhand. There are many reputed schools, academic institutions and research centers in Dehradun. Some of these are –
Indian Military Academy IMA , estd 1932
Oil and Natural Gas Corporation Limited
Wildlife Institute of India
Zoological Survey of India
Wadia Institute of Himalayan Geology
National Institute for the Visually Handicapped (NIVH)
Instrument Research and Development Establishment (IRDE)
Botanical Survey Of India Dehradun is famous for a special variety of rice popularly known as Dehradun rice. The district is home to many famous schools including the Army school and the Doon school. Touristplacesinindia.com offers all inclusive information about Dehradun and other tourist places in India.

about pharm d

2009-07-25T06:08:00.000-07:00

PharmD program in India. The PCI has selected 20 pharmacy institutions in India and submitted the proposal to the Indian Ministry of Health and Family Welfare for their review and approval. The idea is to educate and train pharmacy students in India to meet the shortage of pharmacists in Indian hospitals and also to match the entry-level PharmD curriculum in the United States. The National Association of Boards of Pharmacy (NABP) new requirement that a foreign pharmacy graduate have 5 years of pharmacy education before applying to take the Foreign Pharmacy Graduate Equivalency Examination (FPGEE) in order to then take the North American Pharmacist Licensure Examination (NAPLEX) and finally obtain a license to practice pharmacy in the United States is the key reason for this change in pharmacy education in India.1-4 The movement towards a clinically oriented curriculum is already afoot and we believe more countries in the Indian subcontinent and around the world will soon follow the PCI decision.5 In fact, many pharmacy institutions in India, like Jadavpur University have started offering a master of science (MS) course in clinical pharmacy to expand upon the basic pharmaceutical courses in the 4-year curriculum. Dr. Dutta, a Jadavpur University alum, was invited to his alma mater to provide a workshop for the faculty in teaching clinical courses to pharmacy students. We believe that students with advanced training in clinical courses meet the 5-year pharmacy requirement for taking the FPGE. Currently, Jadavpur University is identifying us universities to establish collaborative faculty and student exchange programs in pharmacy whereby faculty members from both institutions can visit the host institution to gain valuable experience in teaching and research. Jamia Hamdard (Hamdard University), Dr Ghilzai's alma mater, has also started an MS course in pharmacy practice at the Faculty of Pharmacy. The course is sponsored by Faculty of Pharmacy with Hamdard's Hospital and will be of 2 years duration, out of which 2 semesters will cover course work and another 2 semesters will be devoted to a research project and practice experiences to be undertaken in the Hospital. The new course has been established in Hamdard Hospital and the facility of Drug Information Services, which also publishes a bimonthly newsletter on the current drug information, has already been developed. Besides pharmacy faculty members, 2 clinicians from Hamdard's Hospital are associated with this course.
We really appreciate the PCI decision, which came after a visit by the Accreditation Council for Pharmacy Education (ACPE) delegation to India to meet with the PCI. Although this bold decision came very late, it is a positive step in the right direction to popularize pharmacy education and to graduate skilled and knowledgeable pharmacist who can work in clinical settings and counsel and manage drug therapy and improve patient's health care.
Until now, Indian pharmacy graduates have been mainly trained to work in the pharmaceutical industry as product and formulation scientists. Pharmacy education in India has mainly focused on pharmaceutical sciences courses, while clinical or pharmacotherapeutic courses have received far less coverage in the curriculum and no students have ever undergone pharmacy practice experiences. According to one article, there are over 600 pharmacy colleges and schools in India producing over 13,000 pharmacy graduates yearly.
In the last few years, the issue was hotly debated and discussed throughout India to get a consensus to revamp the pharmacy curriculum. It is suggested that the new pharmacy curriculum will entail courses in pharmacogenomics and biotechnology and a significant portion of the curriculum will focus on pathphysiology, pharmcotherpaeutics, and practice experiences.
The All India Council for Technical Education (AICTE) is a statutory regulatory body for technical education in the country that had been limited to overseeing technical education. However, in 2003, the AICTE announced that it will constitute a National Engineers Registration and Licensing Board (NERLB) to provide registration and licenses for practice of engineering in India. We would suggest that the PCI should work in close association with the AICTE to introduce and mandate a similar national board examination for pharmacy graduates to qualify to practice pharmacy in India.
We have contributed twice here in the past to raise the issue of pharmacy education in India and in those letters we suggested that pharmacy education in India needed to be more clinically oriented. We personally appreciate the PCI's decision to explore and involve an international accreditation agency and also congratulate the ACPE for supporting the PCI.
We would like to thank AJPE for promoting the cause of pharmacy education in foreign countries. Many foreign pharmacy graduates are employed as pharmacy educators in US colleges and schools of pharmacy. Also, foreign pharmacy graduates constitute a large and growing number of the total pharmacist workforce in some US states.

reference:..http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=1858621